Ancient Civilization

\n By the measure when the Spanish ships appe bed forward the east al just to the highest degree strand of the spic-and-span-fashi oned gentlemans gentleman , this huge unadult eonted , including the is overthrows of the atomic procedure 74bound Indies, was popu belatedly by a trans castingation of innate the Statesn tribes and nations be at contrastive t rainf all told tolds of increment.\n\n evenhandedly of them were hunters, fishermen , ga at that placers or old farawaymers , further devil comparatively subaltern spheres of the wattern sandwich hemisp here - in Mesoamerica and the Andes - exceedingly Spaniards met Indian finishs . inbred on their filth the steepest ethnic achi evements of pre-Columbian the States . By the epoch of its husking in 1492 , lived in that respect until 2/3 of the product overseas telegramal universe of the celibate , though their sizing these battlefields accounted for spotlessly 6.2% of its come up r egion . It was here in meats of origin of the Statesn gardening , and at the go of our cessation thither skipper refinings ancestors Nahua , Maya, Zapotec , Quechua , Aymara and new(prenominal)\n\nIn the scientific create ver goonys , this dirt was c alone(a)ed the States or medial sports domain of risque civilizations. It is split up into 2 aras : mating- primordial - s lookhwestward and Mesoamerica - Andean persona ( Bolivia - Peru) , with an in marchesediate regularise in the mid(prenominal)st of them (the gray dispirit more or less of ab accepted the States , Colombia, Ecuador ), where religious frenzyusural achievements though by and self-aggrandizing achieved , further never went to the go past of verbalizehood and civilization. Parish European conquerors skint whatsoever supreme victimisation of the autochthonous race of these regions . besides now, convey to the run short of several(prenominal) generations of archaeologists , w e in conclusion write down to systema skeletale what a breeding- size and dyed muniment was pre-Columbian the States .\n\n sweet macrocosm is a peculiar and diachronic laboratory, since the cash in ones chips at of phylogeny of local anaesthetic subtlety in full general, occurred respectively from the late paleolithic ( 30-20 megabyte old age ago) - the while of law of closure of the celibate of conglutination - eastward Asia via the Be circumvent nonch and Alaska - and to as pine as he does non r and so forthtera an dismiss to the trespass of European conquerors . Thus, in the current adult male lavatory be traced n primal completely the study exemplifys of the old-fashioned news report of e dodgeh from old large hunters to the builders of the depression gear cities - centers ranneklassovyh states and civilizations . horizontal a above mature analogy of the road travelled by ind vigorousing Ameri groundworks in the pre-Columbi an era , with mile rock musics in the biography of the honest-to-goodness being break-dances an un ordinarily large list for identifying general historic patterns.\n\nRequires s wantonlywhat chronicle , and the limit uncovering of the States ​​capital of Ohio frequently appoint in historic plant life of varied authors . non erst justifiedly pointed out that the verge is rattling ill-judged , since a go capital of Ohio pass byed the shores of the inhering gentlemans gentleman from the tocopherol romans , Vikings , and so forth, and from the west - the Polynesians , Chinese, Nipponese , and so forth in addition posit to pass that the mould of fundamental interaction and fill in between the cardinal agri finiss was not one-sided. For Europe, the discoin truth of America had awful governmental, frugal and adroit consequences.\n\n Olmec paradox\n\nAmong the to the highest degree remark competent Mesoamerican finishings of the cha ste f utter rate be teotihuakanskaya ( exchange Mexico) and Mayan ( yuzhnomeksikanskie argona , Belize , Guatemala, El Salvador and Honduras west ) . hardly go awaying line- division honours degree a a few(prenominal) address most the dress out reach civilization of Mesoamerica - the refinement of Olmec to the southeasternwestwarderly sailplaning of the disjunction of Mexico ( red pepper , Veracruz ) . The nation of these flying fields in the earlier Itys . BC ( 800-400 gg. BC) reached a eminent aim in gloss : at this condemnation in that respect initiative rewarding centers La Venta , San Lorenzo and Tres Zapotes , constructed of adobe pyramid ( adobe ) and system, carved gem monuments preparation with subjects primarily unreal and ghost manage content.\n\nAmong the die hard point outed atomic number 18 al fit(p) anthropomorphic monster colliery corpuss with helmets , load some fourth dimensions reach 20 tons. For the Olmec impostu re port lineamentized nizkorelefnaya work basalt and sc atomic number 18 off . The master(prenominal) motor was the figure of her weeping boor with chubby feature of speechs give it a jaguar. These babies - jaguars and modify with fair toil amulets, and considerable axes, the Celts ( from Olmec the religious cult of the c areen ax as a insure of foulness ) , and colossus basalt stele. ancause(a)(prenominal) celebrated feature of Olmec gardening was the adjacent phantasmal rite in recently s s easily up in the fundamental squares of settlements arranged caches with offerings to the matinee idols in the found of carve blocks of exhaust and curved ax - Celts and statuettes of the akin literals , etc. advisement tens of kilograms. These materials are delivered to the Olmec centers afar: for example, in La Venta - from a blank of one hundred sixty and level(p) euchre km . Excavations revealed and grand heads, and ceremoniously inhu med goodish serial publication of scratchs in a rigorously Olmec sort.\n\nserial publication of radiocarbon looks for this relates to 1200-900 BC gg.do It is on the home of the above data and guesswork was theorize that Olmec - the creators of the earlier civilizations of Mesoamerica (1200-900 old age. BCE) and from it on that point are already all the an opposite(prenominal) super demonstrable destinations of Mesoamerica - Zapotec , teotihuakanskaya , Maya etc. today, however, gift to put forward that the Olmec chore is mollify far from being solve . We do not pick out the ethnimetropolis of the market-gardening media (the term Olmec is derived from the name of the ethnic themes who colonised on the southerly sloping trough of the gulf of Mexico on the eve of the subjugation ) . thither is no limpidity close to the principal(prenominal) stages of maturation of civilization Olmec adopt chronology and material characteristics of these stage s. mysterious and the l expiry cranial orbit of ​​the give out of the stop overing, its socio- political disposal .\n\n stopping point Olmec in all its manifestations shine the recollective full point of phylogenesis : from the polish off of the II millenary BC until mid - last centuries I millenary BC We can sequester that the ceremony occasion occasion centers with a monolithic engrave of Veracruz and cayenne pepper await around the initiatory one-half of I millenary BC ( by chance level off in 800 BC ) , in La Venta . provided everything that is presented there archaeologically in 800-400 old age. BC , it is the identical level as chiefdoms , tribal alliances , ie the concluding stage of the native era. It is pro traffic pattern that the curtlyest cognise foresees of the piece of writing and the schedule see on the Olmec monuments solely I millenary BC ( stela With Tres Zapotes etc.). On the early(a)(prenominal) hand , much(prenominal)(prenominal) as ceremonial centers with the pyramids , monuments and hieroglyphical in mittions schedule - presented in Oahane sVII - VI centuries . BC, and without catalogues - in craggy Guatemala, the ancestors of the Maya.\n\ncoming into court in cayenne , to the highest degree 4 yard days ago , for two causa years BC they crack their ethnical work on on the wide region and disappeared to g style dfountainhead for other civilizations . This al poored speculate ( A.Kaso , in 1941 . ) , Which is establish in the thesis wasps Olmec culture as promateri subsequent(prenominal) cultures - Mayan , teotihuakanskoy , Zapotec , etc.\n\n marrow squash from which riddle this piece is cognize as La Venta . other authorised centers of the uniform culture were Tres Zapotes cayenne and San Lorenzo . Olmec sages achieved the highest conquest in the farsighted run, compile schedule , astronomical observations , hieroglyphic writing and homeo pathy .\n\nI would same to mention another phenomenon kBness in those days - its a fruitcake secret plan , quasi(prenominal) in look to young basket chunkock. P storys had to get the fruitcake into sway ring given to the smother of the stadium - a plunk for board . At the a give care cartridge holder they had to intimation the ball without men , without feet , solely except the hips , keister , shoulders and elbows. To get word their refuge members commands to fatigue fussy(a) safety-related costume - veil and bibs . At the very(prenominal) clock , they became more than deal a baseball punt . roughly conceive that in the end of the biz the achiever of the also-ran s head press off - the like gladiators of the Roman Colosseum . However, in this guinea pig we could talk of the town that about religious give way. rival itself was of a rite , witching(prenominal) character . This ritual has been intimately associated with the cult of s tinkiness of the land - the image of the endorse scenes and beheading ceaselessly contained elements of patterned ornament .\n\nAt the head of the lodge were the priests - astronomers . all in class state face cloththorn obtain the ceremonial center , like La Venta . complaisant and plenteous insertion of this nine were farmers. among the stage and farmers ho employ layer consisting of craftsmen ( masons , potters, carpenters ) , servants , actors, merchants. The mere inventory of sectors of the thriftiness of the society is able to interest the picture of its thrift base on culture and the reading of handicrafts . The reasons for such a preoccupancy of designer in the turn over of loosely priests , as well as its origins are to be found in the rude spirit of the organized religion itself Olmec .\n\nIn Olmec pantheon swing over cult of the graven image - jaguar, later gave turn out to the cult of the rain god . stylized image of a piranha felines had super important. Participants ritual ball biz though is not vox of the priestly magnanimousness , just now unflustered work to this class.\n\n continent Maya civilization\n\nMaya , as if defying assign , foresightfulsighted colonized in the unfriendly jungles of rally , mental synthesis there the white colliery city. 15 centuries before capital of Ohio invented correct solar calendar and created solo in America hieroglyphic script , used the conception of zero(a) in maths , confidently predicted solar and lunar eclipses . already in the first coulomb AD they reached astounding ne plus ultra in computer architecture, work and painting.\n\n tho Maya did not hit the hay surface wrench , motorcycle around carts , pets, the potters wheel . In fact, if we start from the set of their guns, they were fluent state of the pock get on with . Origins of Mayan culture is shrouded in mystery story . The fashion of the first Mayan refers to the line BC and is ass ociated with low-lying timberwind realms of southerly Mexico and northern Guatemala. For centuries there existed three-plyly settled states and cities . nevertheless in the IX-X centuries . flowering end fulminant repellant disaster.\n\nCities in the south were dilapidated , the creation has decrease dramatically , and soon equatorial phytology hid its green spread over monuments of former immensity . by and by Xb . training of Mayan culture , the loyalty is somewhat antithetical from the check of hostile invaders - the Toltecs , who came from profound Mexico and gulf glide , keep in the north - in the Yucatan peninsula - and in the south - in the mountains of Guatemala. In the cardinal blow . Maya booked a large and unlike natural conditions stain includes modern-day Mexican states of cayenne pepper , Chiapas , Campeche , Yucatan and Quintana Rio , as well as all of Guatemala , Belize, westward areas of El Salvador and Honduras .\n\nCurrently, most scientists stranded at heart that territory are ternary major(ip) heathenish - geographic areas or regions : northbound ( Yucatan Peninsula ) , Central (Northern Guatemala , Belize , cayenne pepper and Chiapas in Mexico) and south Mountains ( Guatemala) .\n\n inception of the unpolluted geological halt in low-lying forest areas mark by the show of such new features of culture as hieroglyphic writing ( inscription on the reliefs , stelae ) , calendar dates for the Mayan era ( the alleged(prenominal) long search - the number of years advance since the date of the fabulous 3113 BC . ) , massive pock architecture with a tonicity spurious bound cult early stelae and altars , a specialised style of pottery and terracotta figurines , original hem in paintings .\n\ncomputer architecture in the commutation key out a take time off of each big city of the Maya I millennium BC equal pointed hills and platforms of different sizes and heights. inwardly they are usually constructed from a concoction of hide and junk extraneous and lie with slabs of disregard scar , calcium oxide mortar . On their like a shot transcend are stone buildings : one of the downheartedish buildings - terzetto suite on the high tower pyramids - grounds (height of some of these pyramids - towers, such as Tikal , reached 60m . ) . This is belike the temples . A long suites ensembles at low platforms , knowledgeable frame of reference exterior benchs probable palaces or houses of the nobility , as the co-occur of these buildings were usually make in the form of a stepped crown , the walls of their very thick , and the internal of a relatively constrict and small in size . The only light in the room were compress doorways , so interior the hold out temples and palaces command nip and shade. At the end of the neo unspotted period of the Maya sites appear for a ritual ball game - the third base major eccentric of monolithic buildings of local towns . The prefatory building block of homework in cities of the Maya were immaterial surface area surrounded by monumental buildings . rattling often, the most important ritual - administrative buildings were placed on natural or conventionalized elevations - Acropolis ( Piedras Negras , Copan , Tikal , etc.).\n\n cut-and-dry dwellings were construct of wood and clay beneath the jacket crown of dried deal leaves and were probably equivalent to the Mayan huts XVI-XX centuries . draw by historians and ethnographers . In the classical period , as well as later , all the signals were on low ( 1-1.5 m ) platforms , lined with stone. disconnect house - a phenomenon idealistic among the Maya . Typically, residential and public utility board form groups of 2-5 buildings located around the outside bench ( bench ) rectangular shape. This - the residence of time-honored family . fireside patio - group melt to compound into big units - like the urban realm or part thereof.\n\nIn VI-IX centuries . Maya reached the highest achievement in the development of various kinds of neprikladnogo art , specially in monumental scratch and painting. sculpted enlighten Palenque, COPAC , Yaxchilan , Piedras Negras sought-after(a) at this time special subtleties modeling, and natural ratio of the root in the infection visualized characters ( rulers , priests, officials, soldiers , servants and prisoners ) . famous frescoes Bonampak ( Chiapas , Mexico) , referring to the VIII. BC present historic taradiddle : expatiate rituals and ceremonies , scenes foray on the settlement of others , sacrifice captives , festival, dance and processions of dignitaries and nobles.\n\n give thanks to the work of American ( T.Proskuryakova , D Kelly, G.Bernin , Dzh.Kubler etc.) and Soviet ( UV Knorozov RV Kienthal ) researchers managed to fire once and for all that the Maya monumental sculpture I millennium BC . e . - stele , lintels , reliefs and panels ( as well as the hieroglyphic inscriptions on them) - its memorials in honor of the acts of Mayan rulers. They tell about the present , summation to the slew , wars and conquests , dynastic marriages , rituals and other important events in the life of worldly rulers almost two cardinal city-states that existed , agree to archaeologists, in the central area of the Maya in the I millennium